Te haerenga a ngā Piringa Pāka ki Aotearoa i te tau 1981 - The 1981 Springbok tour of New Zealand
The 1981 Springbok tour became one of the most divisive events in New Zealand history.
The rivalry between the Springboks and the All Blacks is one of the longest and most enduring between two sporting nations. In the past, generations of rugby players and enthusiasts from both countries viewed a series victory over the other nation as being the pinnacle of achievement in the sport. Alongside the history of fierce competition went a tradition of hospitality towards the visiting side.
In 1956 and 1965 when the South African rugby team toured New Zealand, they were showered with warmth and generosity wherever they went. Yet 25 years later, the 1981 Springbok tour became one of the most divisive events in New Zealand history.
Its impact went far beyond the rugby ground as communities and families divided and tensions spilled out onto the streets and into the living rooms of the nation. What were the events that made this tour so significant? What motivated ordinary Kiwis to take such extraordinary action against one another?
Title & Author | Summary |
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56 Days, 1982. Edited by Geoff Walker and Peter Beach |
56 Days was published shortly after the 1981 Tour by C.O.S.T. as a fund raiser to pay for legal fees. C.O.S.T. (or "Citizens Opposed to the Springbok Tour") was an anti-tour protest organisation which ran parallel to, but was quite separate from, the main anti-tour group H.A.R.T. ("Halt All Racist Tours"). The work is an in-depth look of protest activity in Wellington cumulating in the second test match held at Athletic Park in Berhampore on August 29th 1981. The book contains many dramatic incidents and includes an interview with Alick Shaw who lead C.O.S.T.'s "Marshall Committee" - the group tasked with the planning and implementation of the organisation's protest strategy. |
1981 : the tour, 1984. By Geoff Chapple. |
One of the most detailed books published about the events surrounding the Springbok's visit. The author was directly involved in the tour protests, and was arrested twice in the course of it, but his journalistic training has produced a book that clearly presents the evidences for and against the tour. The book begins by explaining the historic background which lead up to the 1981 tour including the nature of race relations in New Zealand and the African-nations boycott of the 1976 Montreal Olympic Games due to the All Black tour of South Africa the same year. It then details the nature and atmosphere of the protests in each of the centres where provincial games and test matches took place. |
By batons and barbed wire, 2003. By Thomas Oliver Newnham. |
Written by a veteran activist and former Secretary of CARE ("Citizens Association for Racial Equality") this book tells the story of the tour from a protestor's point of view. It is also very well illustrated with many dramatic photographs. |
Counting the cost : the 1981 Springbok tour in Wellington, 1982. |
This was printed by the Victoria University History Department in 1982 but was never formally published. It emerged as a result of the department's early recognition that the 1981 tour was going to be viewed as being historically significant in years to come. As part of a student summer project it was decided to collect interviews and data while events were still fresh in people's minds. The result was this series of essays which included a social analysis of tour protestors and the roles and attitudes of a number of different social groups. |
With All Our Strength, 1982. By Juliet Morris. |
This book concentrates on protest activity in and around Christchurch with a special emphasis on the first test which was held at Lancaster Park (today called Jade Stadium). It also has a detailed appendix which includes songs and chants which were specially written for the 1981 tour protests. |
The Police and the 1981 tour : [a survey of police attitudes : a report on Molesworth Street], 1985. |
A follow-up to Counting the cost this second "paper" from the Victoria University History Department was released in 1985. This report turned its focus towards the police - a group which had received little analytical attention up to this point. It includes the results of a general survey of police and their attitudes towards the tour and an in-depth report by historian Rachael Barrowman which specifically looks at the infamous "Battle of Molesworth Street" of 29th July 1981. |
The Red Squad story, 1982. By Ross Meurant. |
This book takes a different approach to the tour, explaining events from the perspective of the Red Escort Group (better known as the Red Squad) - an elite anti-riot branch of the NZ Police. The author, Ross Meurant, was second-in-command of the Red Squad and later became a National Party MP in 1987. Published only a year after the tour, the views in this book are a reflection of the pro-tour attitudes that many conservative communities held during the period. |
Key Dates
Unfortunately, contemporary newspaper accounts of the Springbok Tour from 1981 fall into a time period where newspapers are generally not even indexed for searching, let alone available in full text online. However, information about (and sometimes the full text of) many anniversary accounts (10 years, 20 years later etc.), can be found - we've provided a table of key dates below.
Date | Event |
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12th September 1980 |
New Zealand Rugby Football Union (N.Z.R.F.U.) formally invites the South African rugby team to tour New Zealand |
1st May 1981 |
First organised mass protests take place throughout the country |
14th May 1981 |
The Prime Minister Robert Muldoon is presented with an ultimatum by the Commonwealth to cancel the tour or lose hosting rights to Commonwealth Finance Ministers Conference due to take place in Auckland |
10th July 1981 |
The NZRFU meet for the last time to decide whether the tour should proceed or be cancelled |
19th July 1981 |
The Springboks arrive in New Zealand landing at Auckland airport |
22nd July 1981 |
First game played - Springboks vs Poverty Bay in Gisborne |
25th July 1981 |
Springboks vs Waikato game in Hamilton called off following a pitch invasion by protestors |
27th July 1981 |
The government says it won't back down in the face of violent protests and promises the police the assistance of the NZ army if required |
29th July 1981 |
Anti-tour protests outside Parliament reach a new level of violence in an event which becomes known as the "Battle of Molesworth Street" |
31st July 1981 |
The Prime Minister threatens to call a snap election if anti-tour violence continues to escalate |
1st August 1981 |
Springboks vs. Manawatu in Palmerston North |
2nd August 1981 |
In his speech at the annual National Party Conference, Robert Muldoon claims that the extreme-left wing agitators have taken over the anti-tour protest movement |
11th August 1981 |
Springboks vs. Otago in Dunedin |
13th August 1981 |
The grandstand at Rugby Park in Christchurch is destroyed by fire in a suspected arson attack after a Springboks training session at the ground |
15th August 1981 |
First test played in Christchurch |
29th August 1981 |
Second test played in Wellington |
12th September 1981 |
Third test played in Auckland |
13th September 1981 |
Springboks depart New Zealand |